...unanimous Congress gave the president a blank check to retaliate against the terrorists, authorizing him "to use all necessary and appropriate force against...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons."86 On issues ranging from missile defense to the payment...

...latitude to retaliate against those responsible for the attacks. The resolution stated that he could "use all necessary and appropriate force against those...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons."48 In effect, Congress declared war and left it up to the...

...Congressional resolution of September 15 made clear the latitude extended to Bush: the president is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against...committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on Sept. 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international...

...combatants, "Congress has, in the wake of the September 1 1 terrorist attacks, authorized the President to 'use all necessary and appropriate force against...authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks' or 'harbored such organizations or persons.' . . . [C]apturing and detaining enemy combatants is an...

...stating: Congress has, in the wake of the September 1 1 terrorist attacks, authorized tbe President to 'use all necessary and appropriate force against...authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks' or 'harbored such organizatKHU or persons.' Authorization for Use of Military Force, Pnb. L. No. 107-40,...

...by overwhelming margins passed Senate Joint Resolution 23, which authorized the president to employ force "against those nations, organizations, or persons,...authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks." A month later Congress passed the USA Patriot Act, which granted even more discretion to the president...

...the War Powers Resolution for any future use of military force? S J. Res. 23 authorizes the President "to use all necessary and appropriate force against...organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, 94 committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 1 1 , 2001 , or harbored such...

...of Congress • after the attacks authorized the president "to use all necessary and appro- | piiate force against those nations, organizations, or persons...determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorists attacks that occurred • on September 1 1, 2001." Therefore, the focus of the war and our...

...President is authoriz.ed to use all necessarv and appropriate force against those nations, organ izat ions, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on Septemher 1 1, 2001, or harhored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts...

...simple and straightforward, but it had very far-reaching applications: "The President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determined planned, authorized, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001...