...international terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations, or persons who planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 1 1 , 200 1 . Sincerely, GEORGE W. BUSH15 As Bonifaz commented in an interview, "The president was...

...authors of the 1973 War Powers Resolution wanted. It was a resolution that authorized the president to use all necessary and appropriate force against...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts [my emphases] of international...

...a near-unanimous vote (98 to 0 in the Senate, 420 to 1 in the House) a resolution authorizing Bush to "use all necessary and appropriate force against...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons." The bill, which gave Bush the authority to determine which...

...military force in IN THE SHADOWS 221 Afghanistan. Specifically, the document allowed the president "to use all necessary and appropriate force against...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism...

...Authorization for the Use of Military Force Resolution, which provided the President with the authority to "use all necessary and appropriate force against...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001." M The threat of terrorism knows no nationality; rather, it is a global plague, and its perpetrators...

...September 14, 2001, Congress passed the Post 9-11 Use of Force Act, which authorized President Bush "to use all necessary and appropriate force against...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism...

...President George W Bush declared a national state of emergency.360 Congress authorized the president "to use all necessary and appropriate force against...authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks ... or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international...

...contained an unusually broad delegation of authority to the president, authorizing him to make war on "those nations, organizations, or persons he determines...committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on Sept. 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons."63 Congress held only a perfunctory debate...

...three days after the terrorist attacks, Congress passed a Joint Resolution authorizing the president "to use all necessary and appropriate force against...authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks." Three weeks later, "consistent with the War Powers Resolution," President Bush reported to Congress...

...intemational terrorism against the United States." It then supplemented this by authorizing the President to "use all necessary and appropriate force against...authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks." The NSA surveillance program is said to fall under these specified powers.3 The debate over the legality...