...with no clear-cut natural frontiers, from which some Swiss cantons had begun to break away as early as at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth; torn asunder in the sixteenth century by the Reformation and then, as a result of that religious schism,...

...most perfect synthesis — perfect because at once lived and explained in theory — was to be found at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth in one of the greatest philosophical and literary men of genius, Dante Alighieri. In him converged...

...Toledan corpus can only fully be perceived in the works of Bernard de Gordon and Arnald of Villanova, at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth. The hypothesis of the dominant influence of the Constantine corpus finds support in the minimal proportion...

...next chapters will accordingly attempt to sketch in at least its broad outlines how warfare changed at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the twelfth. Some innovations in weaponry at the end of the Bronze Age have been noticed, especially by...

...its representatives, along with the desire to distinguish itself from empirics. SURGERY AS A SCIENCE The end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth was unquestionably an important period for Parisian surgery. In the eighteenth 7 Printed in H. Denifle...

...relationship between changes in political power and the endowment of buildings. For example, Crane shows that at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth architecture was patronized not by sultans but by amirs, and the types of institutions they chose to...

...acculturation using books and affecting substantial quantities of lay urban dwellers can be located between the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth; certainly, it is not by chance that the oldest evidence of laymen writing books in vernacular is found...

...of Parisian astronomers, especially of John of Linieres and his pupil John of Saxony or Connaught. At the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth, sublunary physics owed great advancement to the simultaneous efforts of geometers and experimenters—their...

...the way of life that characterized the many communities of recluses that sprang up in central Italy at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth. Her importance lay above all in the fact that in her the search for mystic union with the crucified...

...the problems that had given rise to it two centuries earlier. The crucial turning point came toward the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth. Heralded by the crisis of 1277 to which I have already alluded (p. 241), it found its literary expression...