...explicitly mention the use of human shields, but such practice would be prohibited by the requirement that "the civilian population and individual civilians...protection against the dangers arising from military operations".236 It is significant, furthermore, that the use of human shields has often been equated...

...expressed in Article 51 of the 1s' Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions (AP 1 1977, Article 51:1): "The civilian population and individual civilians...against the dangers arising from military operations." The twin ideas that civilians a) exist as a meaningful category and b) ought not to suffer give rise...

...define the protection and means of protection that must be adopted for the benefit of the civilians. • "The civilian population and individual civilians...against the dangers arising from military operations." To this effect, they must never be the object of attacks or of any acts or threats of violence the...

...Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) (1977)4 Article 13 - Protection of the Civilian Population 1. The civilian population and individual civilians shall...against the dangers arising from military operations. To give effect to this protection, the following rules shall be observed in all circumstances. 2. The...

...obligations by Additional Protocol II of 1977. Article 13(1) of Additional Protocol II provides that "the civilian population and individual civilians...against the dangers arising from military operations." Unlike common Article 3 of Geneva Conventions, Article 13(2) explicitly provides that the "civilian...

...be used improperly. Part lV. Civilian Population Art 13. Protection of the civilian population 1 . The civilian population and individual civilians shall...against the dangers arising from military operations. To give effect to this protection, the following rules shall be observed 2. The civilian population...

...in hostilities and do not enjoy POW status in case of capture. However Protocol II does specify that civilians "shall enjoy general protection against the dangers arising from military operations... unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities." It explicitly prohibits making...

...Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 provides a relevant standard. Article 13 states that: 1 . The civilian population and individual civilians shall...against the dangers arising from military operations. To give effect to this protection, the following rules shall be observed in all circumstances. 2. The...