...Force," Public Law No. 107-40, Section 2 (a), 115 Stat 224, Congress backed his use of force against "the nations, organizations or persons he determines planned,...authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks ... or harbored such organizations or persons." Congress emphasized that the forces responsible for...

...response to these "acts of treacherous violence," Congress passed a resolution authorizing the President to "use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he detormines planned, authorized, commitied, or aided the terrorist atiacks" or "harbored such organizations...

...Law 107-243, which authorized US intervention against "those nations, organizations, or persons who planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 200 1."10 His acknowledgment that the United States had no evidence of Iraqi participation suggests...

...and Tanzania, and the USS Cole in Yemen. The Joint Resolution accordingly authorized the president to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons who determined, planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September...

...but also reflected the peculiar aspects of this situation. First, he sought congressional authority to use "all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations or persons [the president] determines planned, authorized, committed or aided the terrorist attacks." He obtained...

..."terrorist organisations, including those nations, organisations, or persons who planned, authorised, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001." Parts of Baghdad could be seen burning Thursday night as air raid sirens sounded again two hours after...

...international terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations, or persons who planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September ll, 200L"" When Secretary of State Colin Powell addressed the UN Security Council on 5 February 2003,...

...sponsored the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe; NATO's (the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) creation in 1949 also affirmed the link between US security...the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 200 1."9 Reflecting the international community's united support, France's Le Monde bore the headline,...

...200 1 , was signed into law on September 18, 2001 [80]. The joint resolution authorizes the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism...

...security and foreign policy of the United States.” Section 2 of the statute authorized the President “to use all necessary and appropriate force against...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism...