...occasioned anxiety and fear, but little bloodshed. Protracted and devastating violence did not occur until the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth, under a new set of circumstances, far different from those that had spawned the outbreaks of 1096....

...informed about conditions in this period in Bruges, whose communal army was the most important in Flanders at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth. It owed this in large measure to the fact that the city was the richest in the country.221 Certainly...

...contributing factor to the social discontent and political agitation that spread in Jewish communities at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth. 63 In view of all this, we would have expected that the protest against taxexemptions be led by the...

...Non-government documentary sources fall into several categories. One is that of seigneurial and urban accounts. At the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth, as already observed, the lordships belonging to the count of Hainaut adopted Italian accounting techniques,...

...to practice. Only such were legally permitted to practice medicine and surgery in that region. 5 By the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth, there were famous teachers and a growing body of writings on medicine and surgery. There were, to mention...

...almanacs that were compiled outside the Iberian Peninsula and its area of influence. In particular, at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth century in Paris William of Saint-Cloud, John of Ligneres, and John of Saxony compiled tables in almanac form,...

...way in which the Dominicans and Franciscans at Florence offered guidance on the conduct of business at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth has been examined by DR Lesnick. While there were many tensions between the norms of the gospel and...

...situation that, as the population continued to grow in village and town, English administrators towards the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth found it increasingly attractive not only to date legal documents, and by so doing to provide each...

...texts in which Thomas relativizes evangelical poverty are at the heart of the controversies aroused at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth century by the Franciscan partisans of radical poverty. See Ulrich Horst, Evangelische Armut und Kirche: Thomas...

...but seems unlikely.'7 Italian dissections for teaching purposes and autopsies are fully documented at the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth. Italian universities performed anatomical dissections and autopsies, and many more ot them, long before...